External Boundary (Lake Michigan), 2025
Gelatin silver print
5x4 inches
(1) External boundary. The term external boundary, as used in section 287(a)(3) of the Act, means the land boundaries and the territorial sea of the United States extending 12 nautical miles from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with international law. (2) Reasonable distance. The term reasonable distance, as used in section 287(a) (3) of the Act, means within 100 air miles from any external boundary of the United States or any shorter distance which may be fixed by the chief patrol agent for CBP, or the special agent in charge for ICE, or, so far as the power to board and search aircraft is concerned any distance fixed pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Reasonable distance; fixing by chief patrol agents and special agents in charge. In fixing distances not exceeding 100 air miles pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, chief patrol agents and special agents in charge shall take into consideration topography, confluence of arteries of transportation leading from external boundaries, density of population, possible inconvenience to the traveling public, types of conveyances used, and reliable information as to movements of persons effecting illegal entry into the United States: Provided, That whenever in the opinion of a chief patrol agent or special agent in charge a distance in his or her sector or district of more than 100 air miles from any external boundary of the United States would because of unusual circumstances be reasonable, such chief patrol agent or special agent in charge shall forward a complete report with respect to the matter to the Commissioner of CBP, or the Assistant Secretary for ICE, as appropriate, who may, if he determines that such action is justified, declare such distance to be reasonable. In United States criminal law, the border search exception is a doctrine that allows searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalent without a warrant or probable cause. The doctrine allows U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers, U.S. Border Patrol agents, U.S. Homeland Security Investigations Special Agents, and U.S. Coast Guard officers within 100 miles of the border to search people without a warrant or probable cause. CBP interprets the shores of Lake Michigan, an international boundary, as the start of the 100-mile zone, extending its reach into interior areas of the U.S. Pursuant to this authority, customs officers may stop and search the property of any traveler in this area at random, even if based largely on ethnic profiles. Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. population, over 213 million people, reside within the region that CBP considers falling within the 100-mile border zone, according to the 2020 census.
The prints are editioned by limited time, available only from October 15 - December 15, 2025. After this date, this image will not be made available in this format again.
External Boundary (Lake Michigan), 2025
Gelatin silver print
5x4 inches
(1) External boundary. The term external boundary, as used in section 287(a)(3) of the Act, means the land boundaries and the territorial sea of the United States extending 12 nautical miles from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with international law. (2) Reasonable distance. The term reasonable distance, as used in section 287(a) (3) of the Act, means within 100 air miles from any external boundary of the United States or any shorter distance which may be fixed by the chief patrol agent for CBP, or the special agent in charge for ICE, or, so far as the power to board and search aircraft is concerned any distance fixed pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section. (b) Reasonable distance; fixing by chief patrol agents and special agents in charge. In fixing distances not exceeding 100 air miles pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, chief patrol agents and special agents in charge shall take into consideration topography, confluence of arteries of transportation leading from external boundaries, density of population, possible inconvenience to the traveling public, types of conveyances used, and reliable information as to movements of persons effecting illegal entry into the United States: Provided, That whenever in the opinion of a chief patrol agent or special agent in charge a distance in his or her sector or district of more than 100 air miles from any external boundary of the United States would because of unusual circumstances be reasonable, such chief patrol agent or special agent in charge shall forward a complete report with respect to the matter to the Commissioner of CBP, or the Assistant Secretary for ICE, as appropriate, who may, if he determines that such action is justified, declare such distance to be reasonable. In United States criminal law, the border search exception is a doctrine that allows searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalent without a warrant or probable cause. The doctrine allows U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers, U.S. Border Patrol agents, U.S. Homeland Security Investigations Special Agents, and U.S. Coast Guard officers within 100 miles of the border to search people without a warrant or probable cause. CBP interprets the shores of Lake Michigan, an international boundary, as the start of the 100-mile zone, extending its reach into interior areas of the U.S. Pursuant to this authority, customs officers may stop and search the property of any traveler in this area at random, even if based largely on ethnic profiles. Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. population, over 213 million people, reside within the region that CBP considers falling within the 100-mile border zone, according to the 2020 census.
The prints are editioned by limited time, available only from October 15 - December 15, 2025. After this date, this image will not be made available in this format again.
José Taymani (b.1998, Querétaro, México) lives and works in Chicago. Taymani received a Bachelor of Fine Arts with Distinction from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2021, and a Master of Fine Arts degree in the Art, Theory, Practice, department at Northwestern University in 2025.
